Vedic Science International Multidisciplinary Peer-reviewed Journal 

The articles below are the official digital versions of peer-reviewed papers from the print edition of the Vedic Science Journal.

Article  Information

Journal: Vedic Science
Volume: 28 | Issue: 3 | Year: 2026
Pages: 151–157
DOI:  https://doi.org/10.66718/vsj.v28.i3.13    
Received: 5 July, 2026
Accepted:  10 Sept., 2026
Published: 30 Sept., 2026

Multidimensional Therapeutic Approaches for Parkinson’s Disease

Dr. Siddharth Arya, Vedic Science Virtual Vishva Vidyapeeth, USA

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multidimensional neurodegenerative disorder involving motor, non‑motor, cognitive, psychological, and social impairments that collectively diminish functional independence and quality of life. Motor symptoms such as tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, gait impairment, and freezing of gait interact with non‑motor manifestations including pain, sleep disturbances, fatigue, autonomic dysfunction, and neuropsychiatric complications. These symptoms often contribute to reduced mobility, increased fall risk, cognitive decline, emotional distress, and social withdrawal. Effective management therefore requires an integrated, person‑centered, multidisciplinary approach.

Recent evidence highlights the value of physical rehabilitation, exercise, and sensory cueing for improving gait, balance, and motor performance. Cognitive interventions—including cognitive stimulation, structured cognitive training, and individualized cognitive rehabilitation—support attention, memory, executive functioning, and everyday cognitive performance. Psychological and psychosocial interventions, including cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness‑based approaches, psychoeducation, and social support programs, help reduce depression, anxiety, and isolation while promoting adaptive coping and social participation. Coordinated integration of physical, cognitive, psychological, and social interventions, alongside optimized pharmacological treatment, can enhance functional independence, participation, and overall well‑being across the disease course.

Keywords

Parkinson’s disease, Multidimensional rehabilitation, Cognitive interventions, Sensory cueing, Psychosocial therapy, Motor and non‑motor symptoms, Multidisciplinary management

References

Ahn, S., Springer, K., & Gibson, J. S. (2022). Social withdrawal in Parkinson’s disease: A scoping review. Geriatric Nursing, 48, 160–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2022.10.010

Alnajjar, A. Z., Abouelmagd, M. E., et al. (2024). Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and depression in Parkinson’s disease patients: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurological Sciences, 45, 5277–5290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-024-07659-6

Arya, S.  (2026). Psychosocial Support in Parkinsonism Care Dyads: Caregivers and Care Recipients. Vedic Science, 2026 (2), 160–164. ISSN: 0975-0312 (print). DOI: https://doi.org/10.66718/vsj.v28.i2.11   

Crooks, S., Mitchell, G., Wynne, L., et al. (2025). Exploring the stigma experienced by people affected by Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 25, Article 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-21236-8

Di Iorio, A., et al. (2025). Identification of cognitive training for individuals with Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review. Brain Sciences, 15 (1), 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010061.

Ernst, M., Folkerts, A.-K., Gollan, R., et al. (2023). Physical exercise for people with Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2023( 1), CD013856.

Gavelin, H. M., Domellöf, M. E., et al. (2022). Computerized cognitive training in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews, 80, 101671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2022.101671

Gattoni, M. F., Gobbo, S., et al. (2025). Identification of cognitive training for individuals with Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review. Brain Sciences, 15(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010061

Gattoni, M. F., Gobbo, S., Feroldi, S., Salvatore, A., Navarro, J., Sorbi, S., & Saibene, F. L. (2025). Identification of cognitive training for individuals with Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review. Brain Sciences, 15(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010061

Ginis, P., et al. (2023). One cue does not fit all: A systematic review with meta-analysis of the effectiveness of cueing on freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 150, 105189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105189

Kleynen, M., Rothuizen, G., Kal, E., Rothgangel, A., & Braun, S. (2024). Overview of effects of motor learning strategies in neurologic and geriatric populations: A systematic mapping review. Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation, 6(4), 100379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arrct.2024.100379

Krellman, J. W., & Mercuri, G. (2023). Cognitive interventions for neurodegenerative disease. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 23, 511–519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-023-01283-1

Nascimento, L. R., Boening, A., Rocha, R. J. S., do Carmo, W. A., & Ada, L. (2024). Walking training with auditory cueing improves walking speed more than walking training alone in ambulatory people with Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review. Journal of Physiotherapy, 70(3), 208–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2024.06.004

Pigott, J. S., Armstrong, M., Tabassum, N., Davies, N., & Schrag, A. (2024). Effectiveness and feasibility of nonpharmacological interventions for people with Parkinson’s disease and cognitive impairment on patient-centred outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Parkinson’s Disease, 2024, 3654652. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/3654652

Terachinda, P., et al. (2026). External sensory cueing on gait in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Journal of Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-026-13857-3

van Munster, M., Pedrosa, A. J., Künkler, C., & Pedrosa, D. J. (2024). The quality in quality of life in Parkinson's disease: A qualitative meta-synthesis. Movement Disorders Clinical Practice, 11(7), 761–769. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.14063

Wu, X., Shi, M., Lian, Y., & Zhang, H. (2024). Cognitive behavioral therapy approaches to the improvement of mental health in Parkinson’s disease patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurology, 24, Article 352. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-024-03859-x

Yu, X., Wu, Q., Liu, Y., Han, P., Chen, X., & Guo, Q. (2025). Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and depression symptoms in people with Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 17, 1440850. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2025.1440850

Zhao, X., et al. (2024). The effects of mindfulness-based interventions in people with Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Gerontologist, 48(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2024.2314192.

Zhang, J., Wu, M., Hou, X., Song, W., Li, J., Teng, L., Li, X., Yu, D., Pan, J., & Zhu, L. (2025). Unconventional exercises for motor function in Parkinson's disease: An umbrella review of meta-analyses. Age and Ageing, 54(3), afaf062. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afaf062

How to cite this article

Arya, S. Multidimensional Therapeutic Approaches for Parkinson’s Disease. Vedic Science, 2026 (3), 151-157. ISSN: 0975-0312 (Print). DOI:https://doi.org/10.66718/vsj.v28.i3.13